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SPANISH STUDY GUIDE

Ser & subject pronouns

The verb "to be" — in plain English

A subject pronoun is a little word that takes the place of someone's name — I, you, he, she, we, they. Ser means to be, and it's how you say what someone or something is and where they're from. Below: the pronouns, the six forms of ser, the rules that trip people up, and practice you can quiz yourself on.

Rules that trip people up

the "gotchas" worth memorizing early

4 WAYS TO SAY "YOU"

Pick the one that fits the person

Spanish has four words for you. The big choice is casual vs. polite.

— a friend, a kid, family (casual)
usted — a teacher, a boss, an elder (polite)
ustedes — all of you (any group)
vosotros — you all, but only in Spain

Heads up: in Latin America you can skip vosotros — just use ustedes for any group.

NO "IT"

Spanish has no word for "it"

When English says "it is," Spanish just uses es by itself — no pronoun needed.

¿Qué es? — What is it?

Es una computadora. — It's a computer.

Also groups of all-male or mixed use -os (nosotros, ellos). All-female groups use -as (nosotras, ellas).

NO "UN/UNA" FOR JOBS

Drop the "a" with occupations

English says "a student." Spanish does not add un/una before a job.

✓ Valentina es estudiante.

✗ Valentina es una estudiante.

del = de + el. And Spanish has no 's — "Sara's backpack" becomes la mochila de Sara.

The subject pronouns

pronoun · how to say it · what it means

SINGULAR · ONE PERSON
yoyohI
tooyou (a friend)
usted (Ud.)oos-TEHDyou (polite)
élehlhe
ellaEH-yahshe
PLURAL · MORE THAN ONE
nosotros / nosotrasnoh-SOH-trohswe
vosotros / vosotrasvoh-SOH-trohsyou all (Spain only)
ustedes (Uds.)oos-TEH-dehsyou all
ellos / ellasEH-yohsthey

The six forms of ser

memorize these — every verb tense builds on this pattern

SINGULAR
yosoyI am
eresyou are
Ud./él/ellaesyou are; he/she is
PLURAL
nosotros/assomoswe are
vosotros/assoisyou all are (Spain)
Uds./ellos/ellassonyou all / they are
Carlos es estudiante.Él es estudiante. Once you've said who you mean, you can swap the name for a pronoun.

Four jobs that ser does

when you see one of these situations, reach for ser

1

Identify

Say who or what someone or something is.

Es una fotografía.
It's a photo.
2

Occupation

Say someone's job — with no un/una.

Valentina es estudiante.
Valentina is a student.
3

Origin

Say where someone is from, using de.

Es de Venezuela.
She's from Venezuela.
4

Possession

Say whose something is, using de / del.

Es la mochila de Sara.
It's Sara's backpack.

Vocabulary in plain English

The pronouns, question words, and nouns from this lesson. Cover the right side and quiz yourself.

PRACTICE ZONE

Study materials

Tap any card to check your answer.

1 · Conjugate ser

Say the right form for each pronoun, then tap to check.

2 · ¡A practicar!

Give the matching pronoun and form of ser for each subject, then tap to check both.

3 · tú or usted?

Casual or polite? Decide who you're talking to, then tap.

4 · Which job is ser doing?

Identity, occupation, origin, or possession? Tap to check.

5 · Say it in Spanish

Translate the sentence in your head, then tap to check.

6 · Memory tips that make it click